Evaluating the Long-Term Effects of Environmental Toxins on Human Health: A Focus on Developmental and Neurological Disorders

Abstract

Environmental toxins have emerged as critical determinants of human health, particularly in relation to developmental and neurological outcomes. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the long-term effects of pollutant exposure across four urban and peri-urban regions, integrating epidemiological analysis, biomarker profiling, gene expression data, and qualitative interviews. Quantitative findings revealed significantly elevated levels of PM2.5, NO₂, lead, and mercury in urban environments, correlating with increased prevalence of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (up to 2.8%) and ADHD (up to 9.4%), and higher incidence rates of neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and migraine.A nested cohort sample of 300 participants reported that gene expression profiling revealed dysregulated patterns such as elevated IL6, TNFA and CYP1A1 in addition to reduced expression levels. >High PM2.5 exposure, lead levels, economic disadvantage, and indoor smoking were closely associated with a higher risk 1.21–1.55; p < 0.05).  Semi-structured interviews of 40 participants uncovered that most individuals cared about local air quality, experienced challenges regarding obtaining medical care, and engaged in a myriad of methods for adapting to their situation.  In conclusion, the results together emphasize the widespread public health threat of environmental toxins and the critical necessity for effective public health and regulatory actions.  To protect those most susceptible and reduce the enduring effects of environmental toxins, initiatives like pollution control, biomonitoring and people-in charge efforts, should be used as a priority..