Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation

An Detailed Analysis of Modelling and Optimisation Techniques for Including Energy Storage and Renewable Energy in District Heating Systems

Asif Raza Jarwar, Guo Su — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The construction and infrastructure industry constitutes approximately 47% of worldwide energy utilization. Numerous conventional energy resources, such as petroleum and coal are categorized as non-renewable and are projected to experience depletion within the forthcoming decades. To mitigate the persistent energy dilemmas, the implementation of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, alongside substantial advancements in energy efficiency, has been proposed as feasible remedial measures. Within this framework, District Heating Systems (DHS) have received heightened scrutiny due to their myriad advantages in energy generation, distribution, and application for space heating. This manuscript investigates contemporary advancements in the production, modeling, and optimization of DHS. It systematically classifies energy resources according to their sustainability and their compatibility with the integration of DHS. Furthermore, the prevailing modeling methodologies are assessed with respect to computational efficiency, precision, and reliability of the outcomes. Additionally, the report groups recent DHS research according to various optimisation goals, such as maximising energy and energy efficiency, minimising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing costs, and taking exergo-economic and thermo-economic factors into account.

Leveraging Outsourcing Strategies for Organizational Agility of SMEs in Oyo State Nigeria: A Quantitative Analysis

Oyebamiji, F. F, Fasina Tobiloba. O — Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the direct impact of four outsourcing elements - human resources functions, customer support services, finance and accounting, and IT services - on organizational agility in SMEs. A purposive sampling technique was employed to collect date from 700 owners and managers of SMEs in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data analysis was performed with the aid of Path Analysis Structure Equation Modelling using STATA version 15. The study finds that HR outsourcing has a strong positive relationship with organizational agility, suggesting that outsourcing HR functions improves efficiency, improves access to a larger talent pool, and increases flexibility in managing human resources. The study also shows that outsourcing of customer support, finance and accounting, and IT are positively associated with organizational agility. The results suggest that each outsourcing element plays a significant role in improving organizational agility. Therefore, government should create a framework that encourages and incentivizes SMEs to invest in digital transformation through outsourcing. This supportive outsourcing ecosystem can support SME growth, promote job creation in the outsourcing industry, and strengthen the overall economy.

Exploring Contemporary Arabic Sentiment Analysis: Methods, Challenges, and Future Trends

Shaista Firdous, Muhammad Saeed Iqbal — Sat, 15 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The research examines modern Arabic sentiment analysis by investigating methods in addition to assessing current difficulties and projected developments. Evidence from this research shows how traditional learning algorithms (Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression) and the latest deep learning models (LSTM, AraBERT) perform in Arabic sentiment classification evaluations. The models received assessment through evaluation of data sourced from multiple domains such as social media along with online reviews and news articles. Deep learning models demonstrate superior performance according to the research results where AraBERT outshines traditional approaches by surpassing 88.5% accuracy with precision reaching 87.9% and recall at 89.0% and F1 score at 88.4%. The models successfully processed Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) text and dialects though they encountered problems with informal speech and dialects. This research emphasizes the difficult nature of Arabic linguistic structures together with its language variations as well as the necessity of expanding annotated corpus resources. The research indicates three main future directions such as developing multilingual models as well as better annotation methods for the data and specific tools for sentiment analysis across different domains. The research discoveries present beneficial insights which help organizations alongside governments and stakeholders who need to harness sentiment analysis technologies for Arabic-speaking consumer insights and political interaction analyses and public opinion assessment.

Insights into Nitrogen-Wheat Relationships: A Field Perspective Review

Laraib Saeed, Sania Saeed, Humaira Niaz — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chlorophyll requires nitrogen as an essential element and metabolic processes to perform fundamental functions. Proteins that support plant essential functions utilize nitrogen as an essential substance to enhance Leaf Area Index (LAI) through better leaf development along with increased leaf expansion rates. Improved PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) interception leads to increased dry matter production as a result of this process. The practice of nitrogen application represents an essential approach used to enhance wheat yield across specific areas of cultivation land. The various plant growth factors which nitrogen (N) affects most notably include square meter tiller number along with spikelet number per spike and grain number per spike and spike length and 1000-grain weight. The increase of crop yield demands nitrogen application through chemical fertilizer. Farm economic sustainability depends on proper nitrogen fertilizer allocation since it enables wheat production enhancement.

A Review of Research on the Impact of Early Childhood Education on Cognitive and Social Development in Young Children

Kashif Lodhi, Sohail Ahmad — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This review paper examines the effects of early childhood education (ECE) on young children's cognitive and social development by synthesizing findings from key empirical studies. Research consistently demonstrates that high-quality ECE programs contribute to significant gains in intelligence, language acquisition, academic readiness, and later school achievement. Program quality, including well-trained educators, enriched learning environments, and responsive teacher-child interactions, is a critical factor mediating these cognitive outcomes. Beyond intellectual benefits, ECE plays a vital role in fostering social competence, emotional regulation, empathy, and cultural sensitivity, particularly in inclusive and diverse educational settings. Studies highlight how positive teacher-child relationships support the development of prosocial behaviors and resilience. The review identifies gaps in existing research, emphasizing the need for long-term longitudinal studies, cross-cultural comparisons, and investigations into strategies for enhancing ECE quality and parental involvement. Additionally, future research should explore integrating technology into ECE programs and its effects on developmental outcomes. This synthesis underscores the crucial importance of high-quality ECE to promote equitable cognitive and social development, with implications for educational policy and practices aimed at improving outcomes for all children.