Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi <p>The Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation (PJMI) is open access, independently and objectively double-blind peer-reviewed scientific research journal freely accessible online published bi-annually. We welcome the authors to submit their Research Manuscript in our journal which aims to exchange and spread the latest researches, innovations and extended applications via online bi-annually publication. All the submitted Research Manuscript is reviewed by full double - blind international refereeing process. We invite you to submit high quality papers for review and possible publication in all areas as mentioned below. All authors must agree on the content of the manuscript and its submission for publication in this journal before it is submitted to us. Manuscripts should be submitted through online portal in Word Format only.</p> <p>The editorial team is responsible for the final selection of the manuscript after it undergoes a plagiarism test. The manuscript is then sent to national and international reviewers. PJMI editorial board reserves the right to reject any manuscript deemed inappropriate for publication. Views and the accuracy of facts expressed in the manuscripts are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the interpretations of the publishers. Each article accepted after the peer review process will be made freely available online, under the Creative Commons License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and hosted online in perpetuity. </p> <p><strong>Scope of the Journal</strong></p> <p>PJMI covers a variety of original publications comprising of Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology, Social Sciences, Humanities, Computer Applications and Management, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Applied Science, Applied Mathematics, Home Science, Statistics, General Sciences, Engineering, Management Science, Agricultural, Biological Sciences, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Environmental Science, Ecology, Arachnology, Biodiversity and Conservation, Entomology, Limnology, Ichthyology, Malacology, Immunology and Microbiology, Neuroscience, Marine Biology, Food Science, Forensic Science, Zoology, Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, Chemistry, Earth Science, Materials Science, Environmental Science, General Science &amp; Engineering, Marine Science, Allied Sciences, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Cell biology, Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Neurobiology, Microbiology, Pathology, Cytology, Medicine, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Urology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Rheumatology, Oncology, Immunology, Physiology, Nephrology, Neurology, Dentistry, Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, Gynecology, Hematology, Anesthesiology, Angiology, Pharmacy informatics, Analytical chemistry, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmaceutics, Medicinal chemistry, Biomaterial sciences, Bio-Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy practice, Natural chemistry, Nanotechnology, Novel drug delivery sys, Computer Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Structural Engineering, Bio mechanical &amp; Biomedical Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Environment Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering, Mineral &amp; Metallurgical Engineering, Biological &amp; Bio system Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Marine Engineering, Food Technology, Nuclear Engineering, Water Resource Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Textile Engineering, Engineering Chemistry, Geological Engineering, Architecture &amp; Planning, Naval Architectural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Nanotechnology, Forestry Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, Oil Engineering, Applied Science, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Gas Engineering, Ocean Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering, Mining Engineering, Forensic Engineering, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Law, Psychology, Political Science, Education, Food Science, Forestry, Genetics &amp; Genomics, Horticulture, Nutrition, Plant Pathology, Poultry Science, Soil Science, Sustainable Agriculture, Waste Management, Pharmacology, Molecular medicine, Physical Education, Social Work, Anthropology, Criminology, Economics, Gender Study, Country Study, Organization Study, Operations Research, Public Administration, Statistics, Curriculum &amp; Instruction Education, Criminology, Family &amp; Consumer Sciences, Literature, Languages, Religious Studies, Philosophy &amp; Ethics, History, Anthropology, Archaeology, Religion, Art, Linguistic, Life Skills Communication &amp; Media Journalism, Accounting, Business Economics, Business Law, Business Strategy and Economic Management, Finance, Financial Economics, Human Resource Management, Information Systems and Information Technology, International Business Management, Marketing, Taxation, Supply Chain Management, Tourism, Econometrics, Banking and Sustainability, Business Management, Human Resource Management, Hotel Management, Tourism Management, Accounting, Decision Science, Finance, Risk Management, MIS and Retail Management, Marketing Management.</p> <p>Write to us if you have any queries (Principal Contact: <a href="mailto:pjmi@journals.airsd.org">pjmi@journals.airsd.org</a> ) or (Support Contact: <a href="mailto:support@journals.airsd.org">support@journals.airsd.org</a>)</p> en-US zjss@journals.airsd.org (IRFAN ULLAH) support@journals.airsd.org (AIRSD Support Team ) Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000 OJS 3.3.0.8 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 An Detailed Analysis of Modelling and Optimisation Techniques for Including Energy Storage and Renewable Energy in District Heating Systems https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/512 <p><em>The construction and infrastructure industry constitutes approximately 4</em><em>7</em><em>% of worldwide energy utilization. Numerous conventional energy resources, such as </em><em>petroleum</em><em> and </em><em>coal</em><em> are categorized as non-renewable and are projected to experience depletion within the forthcoming decades. To mitigate the persistent energy dilemmas, the implementation of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, alongside substantial advancements in energy efficiency, has been proposed as feasible remedial measures. Within this framework, District Heating Systems (DHS) have received heightened scrutiny due to their myriad advantages in energy generation, distribution, and application for space heating. This manuscript investigates contemporary advancements in the production, modeling, and optimization of DHS. It systematically classifies energy resources according to their sustainability and their compatibility with the integration of DHS. Furthermore, the prevailing modeling methodologies are assessed with respect to computational efficiency, precision, and reliability of the outcomes. Additionally, the report groups recent DHS research according to various optimisation goals, such as maximising energy and energy efficiency, minimising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing costs, and taking exergo-economic and thermo-economic factors into account.</em></p> Asif Raza Jarwar, Guo Su Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/512 Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Leveraging Outsourcing Strategies for Organizational Agility of SMEs in Oyo State Nigeria: A Quantitative Analysis https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/515 <p><em>This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the direct impact of four outsourcing elements - human resources functions, customer support services, finance and accounting, and IT services - on organizational agility in SMEs.&nbsp; A purposive sampling technique was employed to collect date from 700 owners and managers of SMEs in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data analysis was performed with the aid of Path Analysis Structure Equation Modelling using STATA version 15. The study finds that HR outsourcing has a strong positive relationship with organizational agility, suggesting that outsourcing HR functions improves efficiency, improves access to a larger talent pool, and increases flexibility in managing human resources. The study also shows that outsourcing of customer support, finance and accounting, and IT are positively associated with organizational agility. The results suggest that each outsourcing element plays a significant role in improving organizational agility. Therefore, government should create a framework that encourages and incentivizes SMEs to invest in digital transformation through outsourcing. This supportive outsourcing ecosystem can support SME growth, promote job creation in the outsourcing industry, and strengthen the overall economy.</em></p> Oyebamiji, F. F, Fasina Tobiloba. O Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/515 Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Exploring Contemporary Arabic Sentiment Analysis: Methods, Challenges, and Future Trends https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/517 <p><em>The research examines modern Arabic sentiment analysis by investigating methods in addition to assessing current difficulties and projected developments. Evidence from this research shows how traditional learning algorithms (Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression) and the latest deep learning models (LSTM, AraBERT) perform in Arabic sentiment classification evaluations. The models received assessment through evaluation of data sourced from multiple domains such as social media along with online reviews and news articles. Deep learning models demonstrate superior performance according to the research results where AraBERT outshines traditional approaches by surpassing 88.5% accuracy with precision reaching 87.9% and recall at 89.0% and F1 score at 88.4%. The models successfully processed Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) text and dialects though they encountered problems with informal speech and dialects. This research emphasizes the difficult nature of Arabic linguistic structures together with its language variations as well as the necessity of expanding annotated corpus resources. The research indicates three main future directions such as developing multilingual models as well as better annotation methods for the data and specific tools for sentiment analysis across different domains. The research discoveries present beneficial insights which help organizations alongside governments and stakeholders who need to harness sentiment analysis technologies for Arabic-speaking consumer insights and political interaction analyses and public opinion assessment.</em></p> Shaista Firdous, Muhammad Saeed Iqbal Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/517 Sat, 15 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Insights into Nitrogen-Wheat Relationships: A Field Perspective Review https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/526 <p><em>Chlorophyll requires nitrogen as an essential element and metabolic processes to perform fundamental functions. Proteins that support plant essential functions utilize nitrogen as an essential substance to enhance Leaf Area Index (LAI) through better leaf development along with increased leaf expansion rates. Improved PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) interception leads to increased dry matter production as a result of this process. The practice of nitrogen application represents an essential approach used to enhance wheat yield across specific areas of cultivation land. The various plant growth factors which nitrogen (N) affects most notably include square meter tiller number along with spikelet number per spike and grain number per spike and spike length and 1000-grain weight. The increase of crop yield demands nitrogen application through chemical fertilizer. Farm economic sustainability depends on proper nitrogen fertilizer allocation since it enables wheat production enhancement.</em></p> Laraib Saeed, Sania Saeed, Humaira Niaz Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://journals.airsd.org/index.php/pjmi/article/view/526 Wed, 16 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000